Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov
- Born:
- April 22, 1870 (O.S. April 10, 1870), Simbirsk, Russian Empire
- Died:
- January 21, 1924, Gorki Leninskiye, Moscow Governorate, Russian SFSR
- Nationality:
- Russian
- Profession(s):
- Revolutionary, Politician, Political Theorist
Early Life and Education
- Born into a middle-class family; his father was a state school inspector.
- Experienced political radicalization following the execution of his brother, Alexander, for plotting to assassinate Tsar Alexander III.
- Expelled from Kazan Imperial University for involvement in student protests.
- Earned a law degree from Saint Petersburg University in 1891.
Career and Major Achievements
- Early involvement in Marxist revolutionary circles in Saint Petersburg.
- Exiled to Siberia for revolutionary activities (1897-1900).
- Joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP).
- Became a leading figure in the Bolshevik faction of the RSDLP.
- Led the October Revolution in 1917, overthrowing the Provisional Government.
- Established the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), the world's first socialist state.
- Served as Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (Prime Minister) of the RSFSR and later the Soviet Union.
- Implemented the New Economic Policy (NEP) to revitalize the Soviet economy after the Russian Civil War.
- Founded the Communist International (Comintern) to promote worldwide communist revolution.
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Notable Works
- What Is to Be Done? (1902)
- Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism (1916)
- The State and Revolution (1917)
- Numerous articles and pamphlets on Marxist theory and revolutionary strategy.
Legacy and Impact
Vladimir Lenin's legacy is complex and controversial. He is credited with establishing the first socialist state and inspiring communist movements worldwide. However, he is also criticized for his authoritarian rule, the use of violence, and the suppression of dissent.